HashMap,在程序中我们经常要用到的集合,它的实现是通过数组+单向链表来实现的
先从HashMap的put方法讲起,基本思路是:
1,会通过数据的key做hash算法,得到数组bucket的下标值,
2,然后再把<key,value>以链表的形式(只有一个节点)插入到bucket[i]中,如果两个key算出来的下标值i一样,那么新的元素就会添加到链表之后
查看源代码:
public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}
static final int hash(Object key) {
int h;
return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
}
当key为null时,默认放入到数组的第0个位置,不为null,获取key的hashcode,进行右移16位并与hashcode做异或运算,得到下标值
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
//tab数组为空,则创建一个
if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
n = (tab = resize()).length;
//根据容量大小和hash值计算(&)下标值
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
else {
Node<K,V> e; K k;
//若节点存在,则替换
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
e = p;
//tab存放为树,jdk8默认为8个节点
else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
//tab存放为链表,添加元素
else {
for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
if ((e = p.next) == null) {
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
treeifyBin(tab, hash);
break;
}
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
break;
p = e;
}
}
if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
V oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
e.value = value;
afterNodeAccess(e);
return oldValue;
}
}
++modCount;
//如果map数量大于负载因子*最大容量,则扩容
if (++size > threshold)
resize();
afterNodeInsertion(evict);
return null;
}
获取元素,基本思路:如果key为null,直接命中value,如果不为空,通过key获取数组下标值,如果第一个节点的key值相同,则直接返回,若为树,则遍历树结构,若为链表,则遍历链表对比key
public V get(Object key) {
Node<K,V> e;
return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
}
final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k;
//先判断首节点
if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
(first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return first;
//多个节点
if ((e = first.next) != null) {
//为树
if (first instanceof TreeNode)
return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
//为链表
do {
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return e;
} while ((e = e.next) != null);
}
}
return null;
}
数据扩容,resize(),基本思路是:将新的容量扩充到原来的2倍,并将旧的数组copy到新的数组中,注意原来链表或树的节点,位置可能会发生变化,要么是原来的位置,要么是原来位置*2,下面一幅图可以很好的描述resize元素的变化情况
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
int oldThr = threshold;
int newCap, newThr = 0;
if (oldCap > 0) {
//超过限制的最大值,则不再扩容
if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return oldTab;
}
//计算新的容量,是原来的2倍
else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
}
else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
newCap = oldThr;
else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
if (newThr == 0) {
float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
(int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
threshold = newThr;
@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
table = newTab;
if (oldTab != null) {
//将旧的bucket复制到新的bucket中
for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
Node<K,V> e;
if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
oldTab[j] = null;
if (e.next == null)
newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
else { // preserve order
Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
Node<K,V> next;
do {
next = e.next;
//若节点为双数,则index位置不变
if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
if (loTail == null)
loHead = e;
else
loTail.next = e;
loTail = e;
}
//若节点为单数,则index位置为原位置+oldCap
else {
if (hiTail == null)
hiHead = e;
else
hiTail.next = e;
hiTail = e;
}
} while ((e = next) != null);
if (loTail != null) {
loTail.next = null;
newTab[j] = loHead;
}
if (hiTail != null) {
hiTail.next = null;
newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
}
}
}
}
}
return newTab;
}
总结:
对于HashMap的原理可以理解如下:
目前有n个篮子,我要把贴有标签(标签代表key)的苹果放入篮子中,首先确定放入哪一个篮子中,所以通过苹果的标签来分类(hash算法),某一类的都放入在一个篮子中
为何要这样做,想想,如果将所有苹果都放入一个篮子中,那么我要取出某个标签的苹果,我就要在篮子中一个一个的找,如果苹果很多,这样效率是很低的,所以我是先通过苹果的标签定位到某个分类的篮子,再去里面找,这样的效率就提高很多了
参考文章:
1,http://yikun.github.io/2015/04/01/Java-HashMap%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E5%8F%8A%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0/
2,http://blog.csdn.net/vking_wang/article/details/14166593
