HashMap原理解析

HashMap,在程序中我们经常要用到的集合,它的实现是通过数组+单向链表来实现的

先从HashMap的put方法讲起,基本思路是:

1,会通过数据的key做hash算法,得到数组bucket的下标值,

2,然后再把<key,value>以链表的形式(只有一个节点)插入到bucket[i]中,如果两个key算出来的下标值i一样,那么新的元素就会添加到链表之后

查看源代码:

    public V put(K key, V value) {
        return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
    }

    static final int hash(Object key) {
        int h;
        return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
    }

当key为null时,默认放入到数组的第0个位置,不为null,获取key的hashcode,进行右移16位并与hashcode做异或运算,得到下标值

final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
                   boolean evict) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
        //tab数组为空,则创建一个
        if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
            n = (tab = resize()).length;
        //根据容量大小和hash值计算(&)下标值
        if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
            tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
        else {
            Node<K,V> e; K k;
            //若节点存在,则替换
            if (p.hash == hash &&
                ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                e = p;
            //tab存放为树,jdk8默认为8个节点
            else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
                e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
            //tab存放为链表,添加元素
            else {
                for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
                    if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                        p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
                        if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                            treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                        break;
                    }
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                        ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                        break;
                    p = e;
                }
            }
            if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
                V oldValue = e.value;
                if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
                    e.value = value;
                afterNodeAccess(e);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        ++modCount;
        //如果map数量大于负载因子*最大容量,则扩容
        if (++size > threshold)
            resize();
        afterNodeInsertion(evict);
        return null;
    }

获取元素,基本思路:如果key为null,直接命中value,如果不为空,通过key获取数组下标值,如果第一个节点的key值相同,则直接返回,若为树,则遍历树结构,若为链表,则遍历链表对比key

    public V get(Object key) {
        Node<K,V> e;
        return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
    }

    final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k;
        //先判断首节点
        if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
            (first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
            if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
                ((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                return first;
            //多个节点
            if ((e = first.next) != null) {
                //为树
                if (first instanceof TreeNode)
                    return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
                //为链表
                do {
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                        ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                        return e;
                } while ((e = e.next) != null);
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

数据扩容,resize(),基本思路是:将新的容量扩充到原来的2倍,并将旧的数组copy到新的数组中,注意原来链表或树的节点,位置可能会发生变化,要么是原来的位置,要么是原来位置*2,下面一幅图可以很好的描述resize元素的变化情况

d7acbad8-d941-11e4-9493-2c5e69d084c0

    final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
        Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
        int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
        int oldThr = threshold;
        int newCap, newThr = 0;
        if (oldCap > 0) {
            //超过限制的最大值,则不再扩容
            if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
                threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                return oldTab;
            }
            //计算新的容量,是原来的2倍
            else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
                     oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
                newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
        }
        else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
            newCap = oldThr;
        else {               // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
            newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
            newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
        }
        if (newThr == 0) {
            float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
            newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
                      (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
        }
        threshold = newThr;
        @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
            Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
        table = newTab;
        if (oldTab != null) {
            //将旧的bucket复制到新的bucket中
            for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
                Node<K,V> e;
                if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
                    oldTab[j] = null;
                    if (e.next == null)
                        newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
                    else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
                        ((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
                    else { // preserve order
                        Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
                        Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
                        Node<K,V> next;
                        do {
                            next = e.next;
                            //若节点为双数,则index位置不变
                            if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
                                if (loTail == null)
                                    loHead = e;
                                else
                                    loTail.next = e;
                                loTail = e;
                            }
                            //若节点为单数,则index位置为原位置+oldCap
                            else {
                                if (hiTail == null)
                                    hiHead = e;
                                else
                                    hiTail.next = e;
                                hiTail = e;
                            }
                        } while ((e = next) != null);
                        if (loTail != null) {
                            loTail.next = null;
                            newTab[j] = loHead;
                        }
                        if (hiTail != null) {
                            hiTail.next = null;
                            newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return newTab;
    }

总结:

对于HashMap的原理可以理解如下:

目前有n个篮子,我要把贴有标签(标签代表key)的苹果放入篮子中,首先确定放入哪一个篮子中,所以通过苹果的标签来分类(hash算法),某一类的都放入在一个篮子中

为何要这样做,想想,如果将所有苹果都放入一个篮子中,那么我要取出某个标签的苹果,我就要在篮子中一个一个的找,如果苹果很多,这样效率是很低的,所以我是先通过苹果的标签定位到某个分类的篮子,再去里面找,这样的效率就提高很多了

参考文章:

1,http://yikun.github.io/2015/04/01/Java-HashMap%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E5%8F%8A%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0/

2,http://blog.csdn.net/vking_wang/article/details/14166593

发表评论

电子邮件地址不会被公开。 必填项已用*标注

您可以使用这些HTML标签和属性: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <strike> <strong>